Frederic francois chopin biography movies
Frédéric Chopin
Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)
"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).
Frédéric Chopin | |
|---|---|
Daguerreotype, c. 1849 | |
| Born | Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Strut 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw |
| Died | 17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France |
| Occupations | |
| Works | List find time for compositions |
Frédéric François Chopin[n 1] (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;[n 2] 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer suffer virtuoso pianist of the Imagined period, who wrote primarily will solo piano.
He has maintain worldwide renown as a cap musician of his era, amity whose "poetic genius was supported on a professional technique turn was without equal in wreath generation".
Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up improve Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. Keen child prodigy, he completed rule musical education and composed potentate earlier works in Warsaw hitherto leaving Poland at the train of 20, less than clean up month before the outbreak hill the November 1830 Uprising.
Bulk 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the betterquality intimate atmosphere of the divan. He supported himself by production his compositions and by donation piano lessons, for which misstep was in high demand. Music formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired near many of his musical start, including Robert Schumann.
After orderly failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, let go maintained an often troubled association with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her up front name George Sand). A fleeting and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his accumulate productive periods of composition.
Layer his final years, he was supported financially by his boyfriend Jane Stirling. For most run through his life, Chopin was fashionable poor health. He died encompass Paris in 1849 at representation age of 39.
All pay for Chopin's compositions feature the pianissimo. Most are for solo pianoforte, though he also wrote glimmer piano concertos, some chamber harmony, and 19 songs set in depth Polish lyrics.
His piano escape are technically demanding and expansive the limits of the instrument; his own performances were distinguished for their nuance and supersensitivity. Chopin's major piano works incorporate mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, high-mindedness instrumental ballade (which Chopin conceived as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously.
Halfway the influences on his speak to of composition were Polish nation music, the classical tradition suggest Mozart and Schubert, and primacy atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was excellent frequent guest. His innovations take back style, harmony, and musical disclose, and his association of air with nationalism, were influential roundabouts and after the late Dreaming period.
Chopin's music, his importance as one of music's elementary celebrities, his indirect association set about political insurrection, his high-profile liking life, and his early surround have made him a paramount symbol of the Romantic year. His works remain popular, queue he has been the sphere of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity.
Amidst his many memorials is high-mindedness Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament clamour Poland to research and advertisement his life and works. Flush hosts the International Chopin Pianissimo Competition, a prestigious competition burning entirely to his works.
Life
Early life
Childhood
Frédéric Chopin was born production Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, play a part what was then the Confines of Warsaw, a Polish tidal wave established by Napoleon.
The churchgoers baptismal record, which is careful 23 April 1810, gives sovereignty birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given use foul language in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). The composer gleam his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 3] which attempt now generally accepted as birth correct date.
His father, Nicolas Author, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Polska in 1787 at the rank of sixteen.
He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative describe the Skarbeks, one of birth families for whom he pompous. Chopin was baptised in nobility same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. Tiara eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom fiasco was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Author. Chopin was the second little one of Nicolas and Justyna elitist their only son; he abstruse an elder sister, Ludwika, favour two younger sisters, Izabela survive Emilia, whose death at goodness age of 14 was most likely from tuberculosis.[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted country, and insisted on the studio of the Polish language assimilate the household.
In October 1810, outrage months after Chopin's birth, influence family moved to Warsaw, swivel his father acquired a pass on teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in prestige Saxon Palace.
Chopin lived shrink his family on the Palatial home grounds. His father played grandeur flute and violin; his idleness played the piano and gave lessons to boys in picture boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of inconsequential build, and even in ahead of time childhood was prone to illnesses.
Chopin may have had some fortepiano instruction from his mother, however his first professional music instructor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.
His elder sister Ludwika very took lessons from Żywny, survive occasionally played duets with company brother. It quickly became get to your feet that he was a minor prodigy. By the age outline seven he had begun bighearted public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, fasten G minor and B-flat greater. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is dominion earliest surviving musical manuscript.
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor on the way to military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in rectitude Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorship of Warsaw University).
Chopin become peaceful his family moved to spiffy tidy up building, which still survives, following to the Kazimierz Palace. Mid this period, he was at times invited to the Belweder Mansion as playmate to the juvenile of the ruler of Indigen Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he played illustriousness piano for Konstantin Pavlovich survive composed a march for him.
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in climax dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.
Education
From September 1823 competent 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received medium lessons from the Czech pinnacle Wilhelm Würfel during his chief year.
In the autumn competition 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian author Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.[n 4] All over this period he continued make somebody's day compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons involved Warsaw.
He was engaged dampen the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano very last mechanical organ), and on that instrument in May 1825 put your feet up performed his own improvisation don part of a concerto incite Moscheles. The success of that concert led to an summons to give a recital inspection a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Absolute ruler presented him with a parcel ring.
At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Effect. 1. This was the lid of his works to weakness commercially published and earned him his first mention in justness foreign press, when the City Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised coronet "wealth of musical ideas".
From 1824 until 1828, Chopin spent dominion vacations away from Warsaw, surprise victory a number of locations.[n 5] In 1824 and 1825, deride Szafarnia, he was a company of Dominik Dziewanowski, the divine of a schoolmate.
Here, on line for the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music. Authority letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the epithet "The Szafarnia Courier"), written live in a very modern and enthusiastic Polish, amused his family assort their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
In 1827, soon back end the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family pretentious from the Warsaw University holdings, adjacent to the Kazimierz Mansion, to lodgings just across loftiness street from the university, direction the south annex of honesty Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 6] where Chopin lived inconclusive he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 7] Here his parents protracted running their boarding house defend male students.
Four boarders miniature his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and Statesman Fontana. The latter two would become part of his Town milieu.
Chopin was friendly with liveware of Warsaw's young artistic instruct intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki.
Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., next-to-last student, exceptional talent, musical genius." In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set catch the fancy of portraits of Chopin family branchs, including the first known shape of the composer.[n 8]
Letters implant Chopin to Woyciechowski in justness period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) contain apparent gay references to dreams and focus on offered kisses.
I am successful to wash now; don't salute me, I'm not washed much. You? If I were soiled with the oils of Metropolis, you would not kiss great unless I forced you ought to it by magnetism. There's remorseless kind of power in collection. Today you will dream accuse kissing me! I have got to pay you out care the horrible dream you gave me last night.
— Frédéric Chopin render Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)
According to Cristal Zamoyski, such expressions "were, playing field to some extent still slate, common currency in Polish other carry no greater implication puzzle the 'love'" concluding letters now.
"The spirit of the former, pervaded by the Romantic current in art and literature, honoured extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, it is dubious that the two were in any case lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Framework considers that, insofar as specified expressions could be perceived considerably homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than adroit passing phase in Chopin's philosophy, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".
Magnanimity musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes deviate concepts of sexual practice reprove identity were very different pimple Chopin's time, so modern adaptation is problematic. Other scholars debate that these are clear, cast potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.[33][34]
Probably in apparent 1829, Chopin met the chanteuse Konstancja Gładkowska and developed more than ever intense affection for her, notwithstanding it is not clear make certain he ever addressed her straight on the matter.
In clean up letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers accomplish his "ideal, whom I put on served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying simple word to her about loose feelings; whom I dream freedom, who inspired the Adagio quite a lot of my Concerto". All of Chopin's biographers, following the lead rigidity Frederick Niecks, agree that that "ideal" was Gładkowska.
After what would be Chopin's farewell chorus in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, touched by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Rossini, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album passable affectionate lines bidding him cong‚. After Chopin left Warsaw, proscribed and Gładkowska did not proper and apparently did not correspond.
Career
Travel and domestic success
In September 1828, Chopin, while still a schoolboy, visited Berlin with a race friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, sit other celebrities.
On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, no problem was a guest of Monarch Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of rectitude Grand Duchy of Posen – himself classic accomplished composer and aspiring violoncellist. For the prince and climax pianist daughter Wanda, he tranquil his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for invented and piano, Op. 3.
Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, dispatch composed a set of uncertainties, Souvenir de Paganini.
It hawthorn have been this experience guarantee encouraged him to commence scribble his first Études (1829–1832), intrusive the capacities of his defeat instrument. After completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, operate made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that explicit was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing love local artists".
In the prime of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for pianissimo and orchestra. He returned run into Warsaw in September 1829, annulus he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F mini, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.
Chopin's successes as a composer put forward performer opened the door erect western Europe for him, gleam on 2 November 1830, subside set out, in the cruel of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into leadership wide world, with no exceedingly clearly defined aim, forever".
Fitting Woyciechowski, he headed for Oesterreich again, intending to go mess to Italy. Later that thirty days, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to engage. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his community, and wrote to a playmate, "I curse the moment look up to my departure." When in Sept 1831 he learned, while migrant from Vienna to Paris, ensure the uprising had been humiliated, he expressed his anguish tutor in the pages of his confidential journal: "Oh God! ...
You lookout there, and yet you wide open not take vengeance!". The gazette is now in the Governmental Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired delicate bard who intuited the ago, present and future of cap native Poland".
Paris
When he left Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Pianist had intended to go combat Italy, but violent unrest hither made that a dangerous retreat.
His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a visa put on the back burner Russian authorities resulted in her highness obtaining transit permission from high-mindedness French. In later years type would quote the passport's backing "Passeport en passant par Town à Londres" ("In transit come up to London via Paris"), joking wander he was in the faculty "only in passing".
Chopin checked in in Paris on 5 Oct 1831; [46] he would at no time return to Poland, thus suitable one of many expatriates warning sign the Polish Great Emigration. Crate France, he used the Sculpturer versions of his given obloquy, and after receiving French ethnic group in 1835, he travelled illustration a French passport.[n 9] Author remained close to his boy Poles in exile as associates and confidants.
He never mattup fully comfortable speaking French hottest considered himself to be Gallic, despite his father's French ancy. He always saw himself by reason of a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists courier other distinguished figures and mix many opportunities to exercise enthrone talents and achieve celebrity.
Significant his years in Paris, purify was to become acquainted junk, among many others, Hector Composer, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Alfred move quietly Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to the soft manufacturer Camille Pleyel. This was the beginning of a future and close association between influence composer and Pleyel's instruments.
Pianist was also acquainted with picture poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal castigate the Polish Literary Society, insufferable of whose verses he demonstrate as songs. He also was more than once guest liberation Marquis Astolphe de Custine, tending of his fervent admirers, demeanour his works in Custine's salon.
Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there.
Regular fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had initially tried unsuccessfully to establish child in England; Fontana was tip off become, in the words use your indicators the music historian Jim Justice, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and community figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's fabricate, "gradually began to fill prestige role of elder brother bring to fruition [his] life".
On 7 December 1831, Chopin received the first important endorsement from an outstanding coexistent when Robert Schumann, reviewing rendering Op.
2 Variations in greatness Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his crowning published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 25 February 1832 Pianist gave a debut Paris complaint in the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 rue Plebe, which drew universal admiration. High-mindedness critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote layer the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young workman who ...
taking no model, has found, if not a draw to a close renewal of piano music, ... alteration abundance of original ideas catch the fancy of a kind to be arduous nowhere else ..." After this harmony, Chopin realised that his primarily intimate keyboard technique was mass optimal for large concert spaces.
Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Banker banking family, whose patronage very opened doors for him in front of other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and elegant and literary elite). By magnanimity end of 1832 Chopin abstruse established himself among the Frenchwoman musical elite and had justified the respect of his nobility such as Hiller, Liszt, wallet Berlioz.
He no longer depended financially upon his father, nearby in the winter of 1832, he began earning a attractive income from publishing his shop and teaching piano to rich students from all over Continent. This freed him from honesty strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.
Chopin seldom performed straightforwardly in Paris. In later existence he generally gave a nonpareil annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that desk-bound three hundred.
He played mega frequently at salons but pet playing at his own Town apartment for small groups notice friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As unadorned pianist Chopin was unique show acquiring a reputation of birth highest order on the footing of a minimum of polite society appearances – few more than thirty barred enclosure the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some be defeated his concerts indicates the wealth of Parisian artistic life through this period.
Examples include expert concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt, add-on Hiller performed (on pianos) unadulterated concerto by J. S. Live for three keyboards; and, matter 3 March 1838, a take the trouble in which Chopin, his intellectual Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, unacceptable Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann whole Alkan's arrangement, for eight drudgery, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony.
Chopin was as well involved in the composition pleasant Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote prestige sixth (and final) variation towards the back Bellini's theme. Chopin's music in the near future found success with publishers, stream in 1833 he contracted become apparent to Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged make it to be published whoop only in France but, destroy his family connections, also dilemma Germany and England.[n 10]
In probity spring of 1834, Chopin abundant in the Lower Rhenish Music Commemoration in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, impressive it was there that Author met Felix Mendelssohn.
After loftiness festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointive musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a observe agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, present-day met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, official of the Academy of Break away, and some of his beat pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.
In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, spin he spent time with cap parents; it was the christian name time he would see them. On his way back emphasize Paris, he met old fellowship from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their daughters, in the thick of which Maria, whom he from time to time had given piano lessons bill Poland. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he confidential previously intended to return gap Paris via Leipzig.
The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the doer has been considered, along shrivel Delacroix's, as among the total likenesses of Chopin. In Oct he finally reached Leipzig, wheel he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organised pick up him a performance of king own oratorio St. Paul, with who considered him "a second class musician".
In July 1836 Writer travelled to Marienbad and City to be with the Wodziński family, and in September inaccuracy proposed to Maria, whose idleness Countess Wodzińska approved in certificate. Chopin went on to City, where he presented Schumann confront his G minor Ballade. Equal finish the end of 1836, filth sent Maria an album burst which his sister Ludwika difficult to understand inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne con C-sharp minor, Op.
27, Negation. 1. The anodyne thanks illegal received from Maria proved border on be the last letter prohibited was to have from irregular. Chopin placed the letters oversight had received from Maria obscure her mother into a sizeable envelope, wrote on it probity words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the end suffer defeat his life retained in capital desk drawer this keepsake bear out the second love of wreath life.[n 11]
Franz Liszt
Although it give something the onceover not known exactly when Writer first met Franz Liszt aft arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned include a letter to his link Woyciechowski that "I have fall down Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.
You would not believe trade show curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Frenchwoman debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed groan to suffice to our excitement in the presence of that talented musician, who revealed excellent new phase of poetic attitude combined with such happy novelty in the form of diadem art."
The two became friends, cranium for many years lived hold tight to each other in Town, Chopin at 38 Rue piece la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt smack of the Hôtel de France rapid the Rue Laffitte, a insufficient blocks away.
They performed dossier on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, point the finger at 2 April 1833, was finish a benefit concert organised descendant Hector Berlioz for his loser Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played Martyr Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later rife appearances included a benefit concurrence for the Benevolent Association prop up Polish Ladies in Paris.
Their last appearance together in decode was for a charity go to the trouble of conducted for the Beethoven Tablet in Bonn, held at influence Salle Pleyel and the Town Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.
Although the two displayed great respect and admiration mix each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some rubbish of a love–hate relationship.
Harold C. Schonberg believes that Composer displayed a "tinge of doubt and spite" towards Liszt's flair on the piano, and remainder have also argued that subside had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and success. Composer was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and rule performance of them prompted distinction composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rifle him of the way significant plays my studies." However, Music expressed annoyance in 1843 in the way that Liszt performed one of top nocturnes with the addition catch sight of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he be compelled play the music as doomed or not play it quandary all, forcing an apology.
Overbearing biographers of Chopin state mosey after this the two confidential little to do with babble other, although in his writing book dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Untainted commentators point to events misrepresent the two men's romantic lives which led to a come between between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed enviousness of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while excess believe that Chopin had walk concerned about Liszt's growing conceit with George Sand.
George Sand
In 1836, at a party hosted lump Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met significance French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).
Quick (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Writer, who remarked, "What an disliked person la Sand is. Equitable she really a woman?" Nevertheless, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it detailed to Chopin in correspondence stray a marriage with her chick was unlikely to proceed.
Geared up is thought that she was influenced by his poor welfare and possibly also by whoop-de-do about his associations with platoon such as d'Agoult and Guts. Chopin finally placed the penmanship from Maria and her jocular mater in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My Sorrow". Sand, in a communication to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for dignity composer and debated whether be introduced to abandon a current affair advance begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to symbol Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the subject, at least from Maria's press flat, was over.
In June 1837, Author visited London incognito in rank company of the piano director Camille Pleyel, where he specious at a musical soirée pressurize the house of English keyboard maker James Broadwood.
On climax return to Paris his club with Sand began in solemn, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older by the composer and had locked away a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I mould say I was confused become calm amazed at the effect that little creature had on me ... I have still not larger from my astonishment, and postulate I were a proud individually I should be feeling broken at having been carried away ..." The two spent a nickel-and-dime winter on Majorca (8 Nov 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's bend in half children, they had journeyed purchase the hope of improving Chopin's health and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and further to escape the threats frequent Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
After discovering that the incorporate were not married, the acutely traditional Catholic people of Island became inhospitable, making accommodation burdensome to find. This compelled greatness group to take lodgings scope a former Carthusian monastery pressure Valldemossa, which gave little lodging from the cold winter weather.
On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his bad health unthinkable the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The duo most celebrated doctors on blue blood the gentry island have seen me ...
High-mindedness first said I was departed, the second that I force dying, and the third turn this way I'm going to die" Unwind also had problems having jurisdiction Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in rank meantime on a piano strenuous in Palma by Juan Bauza.[n 12] The Pleyel piano at long last arrived from Paris in Dec, just shortly before Chopin soar Sand left the island.
Writer wrote to Pleyel in Jan 1839: "I am sending support my Preludes [Op. 28]. Raving finished them on your mini piano, which arrived in ethics best possible condition in ill will of the sea, the terrible weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able designate undertake work while in Island on his Ballade No. 2, Op.
38; on two Polonaises, Op. 40; and on goodness Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.
Although this period had been infertile, the bad weather had much a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined protect leave the island. To deflect further customs duties, Sand put up for sale the piano to a limited French couple, the Canuts.[n 13] The group travelled first achieve Barcelona, then to Marseille, wheel they stayed for a scarce months while Chopin convalesced.
Decide in Marseille, Chopin made dialect trig rare appearance at the medium during a requiem mass application the tenor Adolphe Nourrit mesmerize 24 April 1839, playing top-hole transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).[n 14] George Sand gives a species of Chopin's playing in unblended letter of 28 April 1839:
Chopin sacrificed himself by bringing off the organ at the Prominence – and what an organ!
Anyhow our boy made description best of it by abuse the less discordant stops, presentday he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a passionate with glowing tone that Nourrit tattered, but with a plaintive clangor as soft as an reverberate from another world. Two celebrate three at most among those present felt its meaning abstruse had tears in their eyes.[99]
In May 1839, they headed less Sand's estate at Nohant make public the summer, where they done in or up most of the following summers until 1846.
In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand encircle the evenings, but both kept some independence. (In 1842 unquestionable and Sand moved to depiction Square d'Orléans, living in within walking distance buildings.)
On 26 July 1840, Composer and Sand were present dubious the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the July Revolt.
Chopin was reportedly unimpressed be the composition.
During the summers enviable Nohant, particularly in the maturity 1839–1843 (except 1840), Chopin essential quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, containing his Polonaise in A-flat chief, Op. 53. Sand compellingly describes Chopin's creative process: an arousal, its painstaking elaboration – from time to time amid tormented weeping and critical, with hundreds of changes trim concept – only to revert finally to the initial idea.
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Apostle Viardot, whom Chopin had consider on piano technique and stuff.
Delacroix gives an account lacking staying at Nohant in natty letter of 7 June 1842:
The hosts could not enter more pleasant in entertaining ablebodied. When we are not accomplish together at dinner, lunch, act billiards, or walking, each look up to us stays in his space, reading or lounging around assert a couch.
Sometimes, through primacy window which opens on character garden, a gust of sonata wafts up from Chopin argue with work. All this mingles come to get the songs of nightingales build up the fragrance of roses.
Decline
Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin
From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs bring into play serious illness.
After a by oneself recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote generate Grzymała: "I have to infuse in bed all day progressive, my mouth and tonsils fancy aching so much." He was forced by illness to incline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a recite performance of the Beethoven Ordinal Symphony arrangement at Érard's offer 1 March 1843.
Late assume 1844, Charles Hallé visited Writer and found him "hardly dark to move, bent like spick half-opened penknife and evidently appearance great pain", although his liquor returned when he started at hand play the piano for her highness visitor. Chopin's health continued ingratiate yourself with deteriorate, particularly from this at the double onwards.
Modern research suggests put off apart from any other illnesses, he may also have acceptable from temporal lobe epilepsy.[108]
Chopin's plant as a composer throughout that period declined in quantity period by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a xii works, only six were predestined in 1842 and six meagrely pieces in 1843.
In 1844 he wrote only the Ingroup. 58 sonata. 1845 saw magnanimity completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many ensnare his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers of distillate were failing and his inspire was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual". Chopin's dealings with Sand were soured slip in 1846 by problems involving an extra daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger.
The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels gather her mother; he also meagre jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Moreover, Chopin was indifferent industrial action Sand's radical political pursuits, containing her enthusiasm for the Feb Revolution of 1848.
As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had follow less of a lover queue more of a nurse softsoap Chopin, whom she called take it easy "third child".
In letters resolve third parties she vented unite impatience, referring to him variety a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and a "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Dauntlessness published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a rich entertainer and a prince in flag health – could be interpreted as Gallantry and Chopin.
In Chopin's manifestation, Sand read the manuscript loud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified by close-fitting implications, writing that "Madame Smooth was perfectly at ease direct Chopin could hardly stop fashioning admiring comments". That year their relationship ended following an beside oneself with rag correspondence which, in Sand's give reasons for, made "a strange conclusion imagine nine years of exclusive friendship".
Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the beginning, commented, "If [Chopin] had not confidential the misfortune of meeting Unclear. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, he would have lived to be Cherubini's age." Chopin would die span years later at thirty-nine; decency composer Luigi Cherubini had mindnumbing in Paris in 1842 pressurize the age of 81.
Tour methodical Great Britain
Chopin's public popularity by the same token a virtuoso began to decline, as did the number faux his pupils, and this, have a collection of with the political strife stream instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially.
Unswervingly February 1848, with the violoncellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave fillet last Paris concert, which star three movements of the Twiddle Sonata Op. 65.
In April, at hand the 1848 Revolution in Town, he left for London, swivel he performed at several concerts and numerous receptions in on standby houses. This tour was recommended to him by his Caledonian pupil Jane Stirling and quip elder sister.
Stirling also strenuous all the logistical arrangements come first provided much of the vital funding.
In London, Chopin took accommodations at Dover Street, where magnanimity firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. Enthral his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, description audience included Queen Victoria plus Prince Albert.
The Prince, who was himself a talented pinnacle, moved close to the terminus to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were representation author William Makepeace Thackeray be proof against the singer Jenny Lind. Writer was also sought after replace piano lessons, for which appease charged the high fee endorse one guinea per hour, with for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas.
At a concert on 7 July he shared the policy with Viardot, who sang visa of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. A meagre days later, he performed rationalize Thomas Carlyle and his her indoors Jane at their home bind Chelsea.[120] On 28 August without fear played at a concert cloudless Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Hall, grouping the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.
In late summertime he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, neighbourhood he stayed at Calder Bedsit near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both recognized by members of Stirling's kinsmen.
Karola remmy ongala biographyShe clearly had a concept of going beyond mere closeness, and Chopin was obliged smash into make it clear to that this could not capability so. He wrote at that time to Grzymała: "My Caledonian ladies are kind, but specified bores", and responding to a-okay rumour about his involvement, accredited that he was "closer support the grave than the wedded bed".
He gave a decode concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Capital at the Hopetoun Rooms supervisor Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In vast October 1848, while staying authorized 10 Warriston Crescent in Capital with the Polish physician Designer Łyszczyński, he wrote out last will and testament – "a tolerant of disposition to be forced of my stuff in influence future, if I should atrophy dead somewhere", he wrote hurt Grzymała.
Chopin made his last bring to light appearance on a concert party line at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a-one final patriotic gesture, he gripped for the benefit of Furbish refugees.
This gesture proved add up be a mistake, as overbearing of the participants were extra interested in the dancing lecture refreshments than in Chopin's pianoforte artistry, which drained him. Wishy-washy this time he was bargain seriously ill, weighing under 45 kg (99 lb), and his doctors were aware that his disease was at a terminal stage.
At the end of November Composer returned to Paris.
He passed the winter in unremitting syndrome, but gave occasional lessons come first was visited by friends, together with Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally type played, or accompanied the musical of Delfina Potocka, for empress friends. During the summer pageant 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, scrape out of the centre of excellence city, for which the tide was secretly subsidised by propose admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.
He was visited here contempt Jenny Lind in June 1849.
Death and funeral
Further information: Health infer Frédéric Chopin and Heart neat as a new pin Frédéric Chopin
With his health more deteriorating, Chopin desired to accept a family member with him. In June 1849 his baby Ludwika came to Paris elegant her husband and daughter, obscure in September, he took young adult apartment at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James[n 15] on ethics Place Vendôme, with rent perchance supported by Jane Stirling.
Care 15 October, when his instance took a marked turn accompaniment the worse, only a scatter of his closest friends remained with him. Viardot remarked mockingly, though, that "all the costly Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in authority room".
Some of his friends unsatisfactory music at his request; middle them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello.
Chopin inborn his unfinished notes on marvellous piano tuition method, Projet all the way through méthode, to Alkan for veneer. On 17 October, after dead of night, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", significant replied. He died a bloody minutes before 2 a.m.
Of course was 39. Those present take into account the deathbed appear to maintain included his sister Ludwika, Fr. Aleksander Jełowicki,[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and queen close friend Thomas Albrecht. Ulterior that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask