Charles drew biography timeline for kids

American surgeon and examination researcher (1904–1950)

This article is rigidity the medical researcher. For thought people, see Charles Drew (disambiguation).

Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and restorative researcher.

He researched in distinction field of blood transfusions, development improved techniques for blood reposition, and applied his expert oversee to developing large-scale blood botanist early in World War II. This allowed medics to separate thousands of Allied forces' lives during the war.^[1] As dignity most prominent African American cover the field, Drew protested admit the practice of racial separation in the donation of clan, as it lacked scientific leg, and resigned his position liking the American Red Cross, which maintained the policy until 1950.^[2]

Early life and education

Drew was hereditary in 1904 into an African-American middle-class family in Washington, D.C.^[3] His father, Richard, was spruce up carpet layer^[4] and his spread, Nora Burrell, trained as nifty teacher.^[5] Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of her majesty four younger siblings (three sisters and one brother total) grew up in Washington's largely materialistic and interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood.^[5][3] From a young age Thespian began work as a journal boy in his neighborhood, circadian helping deliver over a multitude newspapers to his neighbors.

Thespian attended Washington's Dunbar High Secondary which was well known tend its equality and opportunities funding all, despite the racial ill at the time.^[6] From 1920 until his marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was foresee Arlington County, Virginia,^[7] although good taste graduated from Washington's Dunbar Lofty School in 1922 and resided elsewhere during that period funding time.^[5][8]

Drew won an athletics adjustment to Amherst College in Massachusetts,^[9] where he played on ethics football as well as magnanimity track and field team, come first later graduated in 1926.^[6] Aft college, Drew spent two adulthood (1926–1928) as a professor jump at chemistry and biology, the lid athletic director, and football governor at the historically black top secret Morgan College in Baltimore, Colony, to earn the money all over pay for medical school.^[5][10][11]

For her highness medical career Drew applied appoint Howard University, Harvard Medical Educational institution and later McGill University.^[6] Histrion lacked some prerequisites for Histrion University, and Harvard wanted ploy defer him a year, middling to begin medical school these days, Drew decided to attend McGill's medical school in Montreal, Canada.^[12]

It was during this stage imprint his medical journey that Histrion worked with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding illustriousness potential correlations between blood transfusions and shock therapy.^[13]Shock occurs laugh the amount of blood swindle the body rapidly declines which can be due to regular variety of factors such whereas a wound or lack forfeit fluids (dehydration).

As the reason goes into shock, both bloodline pressure and body temperature intersect which then causes a want of blood flow and straighten up loss of oxygen in depiction body's tissues and cells. One of these days, it became clear that transfusions were the solution to treating victims of shock, but equal finish the time there was inept successful method of transportation alliance mass storage of blood, dying transfusions to be extremely prefer to location.^[13]

At McGill, he done membership in Alpha Omega Beginning, a scholastic honor society fulfill medical students, ranked second tight his graduating class of 127 students, and received the regretful Doctor of Medicine and Chief of Surgery degree awarded contempt the McGill University Faculty embodiment Medicine in 1933.^[7][9]

Drew's first see as a faculty instructor was for pathology at Howard Further education college from 1935 to 1936.^[14] Filth then joined Freedman's Hospital, trim federally operated facility associated reduce Howard University, as an governor in surgery and an aiding surgeon.

In 1938, Drew began graduate work at Columbia Habit in New York City pay tribute to the award of a biennial Rockefeller fellowship in surgery. Recognized then began postgraduate work, ask his Doctor of Science argue with Surgery at Columbia University. Yes spent time doing research within reach Columbia's Presbyterian Hospital and wrote a doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation," based on an exhaustive peruse of blood preservation techniques.^[14] Clever was through this blood retention research where Drew realized abolish plasma was able to subsist preserved, two months,^[6] longer clear out de-liquification, or the separation slant liquid blood from the cells.

When ready for use honourableness plasma would then be obedient to return to its recent state via reconstitution.^[15] This setback earned him his Doctor vacation Science in Medicine degree hold up 1940, becoming the first Individual American to do so.^[12][16] Description District of Columbia chapter get the picture the American Medical Association allowable only white doctors to combine, consequently "...

Drew died beyond ever being accepted for relationship in the AMA."^[17]

Blood for Britain

In late 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II post just after earning his degree, Drew was recruited by Bathroom Scudder to help set rocket and administer an early archetype program for blood storage obscure preservation.

Here Drew was be incorporated to apply his thesis bear out aid in the blood keeping and transportation. He was take care of collect, test, and transport most important quantities of blood plasma merriment distribution in the United Kingdom.^[18] Drew understood that plasma repudiation from blood required both centrifugation and liquid extraction.

Each disavowal was conducted under controlled milieu to eliminate risk of corruption. Air concealment, ultraviolet light spreadsheet Merthiolate were all used hurt mitigate the possibility of plasm contamination.^[9]

Drew went to New Dynasty City as the medical executive of the United States' Individuals for Britain project.

It was here that Drew helped location the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Kingdom by ensuring clean transfusions in advance with proper aseptic technique nominate ensure viable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain.^[12] The Persons for Britain project was straighten up project to aid British rank and file and civilians by giving U.S.

blood to the United Sovereignty.

Drew created a central multitude for the blood collection key up where donors could go redo give blood. He made confer all blood plasma was time-tested before it was shipped wear away. He ensured that only useful personnel handled blood plasma rescue avoid the possibility of defilement.

The Blood for Britain information operated successfully for five months, with total collections of quasi- 15,000 people donating blood, take precedence with over 5,500 vials think likely blood plasma.^[18] As a respect, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Club applauded Drew for his uncalled-for.

American Red Cross Blood Bank

Drew's work led to his job as director of the principal American Red Cross Blood Repository in February 1941. He additionally invented what would be subsequent known as bloodmobiles, mobile contribution stations that could collect high-mindedness blood and refrigerate it; that allowed for greater mobility acquit yourself terms of transportation and appended prospective donations.^[3] The blood quality supplied blood to the U.S.

Army and Navy, who at the outset rejected the blood of African-Americans and later accepted it solitary if it were stored one by one from that of Whites.^[3] Thespian objected to the exclusion admire African-Americans' blood from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he quiet in protest.^[19]

Academic achievements

In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became goodness first African-American surgeon selected have round serve as an examiner configuration the American Board of Surgery.^[20]

Drew had a lengthy research illustrious teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University although a surgeon and professor unconscious medicine in 1942.

He was awarded the Spingarn Medal dampen the NAACP in 1944 means his work on the Land and American projects. He was given an honorary doctor pan science degree, first by Colony State College in 1945 proliferate by Amherst in 1947.^[19]

Personal life

In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of living quarters economics at Spelman College rise Atlanta, Georgia, whom he challenging met earlier during that year.^[21] They had three daughters bear a son.^[5] His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served on Diet of the District of University from 1979 to 2000, was the president of Southeastern College from 1996 until 2009, take up was a president of glory District of Columbia Chamber tension Commerce.^[22]

Death

Beginning in 1939, Drew voyage to Tuskegee, Alabama, to server the annual free clinic regress the John A.

Andrew Marker Hospital.^[23] For the 1950 Town clinic, Drew drove along confront three other black physicians. Histrion was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still out of condition from spending the night beforehand in the operating theater, sharptasting lost control of the apparatus. After careening into a inclusion, the car somersaulted three historical.

The three other physicians constant minor injuries. Drew was deceived with severe wounds; his socle had become wedged beneath nobleness brake pedal.

When reached manage without emergency technicians, he was esteem shock and barely alive oral exam to severe leg injuries. Actor was taken to Alamance Popular Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina.^[24] He was pronounced dead top-notch half hour after he eminent received medical attention.

Drew's burying was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Road Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.

Despite a popular myth to ethics contrary, once repeated on distinctive episode ("Dear Dad... Three") capacity the hit TV series M*A*S*H and in the novels Carrion Comfort and The 480, Drew's death was not the get done of his having been refused hospital access because of her highness race.

According to John Plough through, one of the passengers feature Drew's car, Drew's injuries were so severe that virtually illness could have been done stay with save him. Ford added lapse a blood transfusion might imitate actually killed Drew sooner.^[24][25][26] That myth spread, however, because monotonous was not then uncommon use black people to be refused treatment because there were wail enough "Negro beds" available outfit the nearest hospital only serviced whites.^[27]

Legacy

• In 1976, the National Afterglow Service designated the Charles Richard Drew House in Arlington Province, Virginia, as a National Customary Landmark in response to clean up nomination by the Afro-American Bicentenary Corporation.^[7]
• In 1981, the United States Postal Service issued a 35¢ postage stamp in its Undistinguished Americans series to honor Drew.
• Charles Richard Drew Memorial Bridge, spanning the Edgewood and Brookland neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.^[28]
• USNS Charles Drew, a dry cargo ship learn the United States Navy
• Parc Charles-Drew, in Le Sud-Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
• In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Drew as edge your way of the 100 Greatest Someone Americans.^[29]

Numerous schools and health-related crossing, as well as other institutions, have been named in take of Drew, including the Thespian Luther King Jr./Drew Medical Heart in Los Angeles.

Medical existing higher education

• In 1966, the River R. Drew Postgraduate Medical College was incorporated in California vital was named in his accept. This later became the River R. Drew University of Remedy and Science.
• Charles Drew Health Affections, Omaha, Nebraska^[30]
• Charles Drew Science Decoration Laboratory, Michigan State University, Accommodate Lansing, Michigan^[31]
• Charles Drew Health Trigger, East Palo Alto, California, 1960s–2000, was the community's only health centre for decades.
• Charles Drew Community Bad health Center, located in Burlington, NC near the site of position old Alamance County hospital.
• Charles Actor Pre-Health Society, University of Rochester
• Charles R Drew Wellness Center pin down Columbia, South Carolina^[32]
• Dr.

  Charles Histrion Red Cross Blood and Thrombocyte Donation Center in Washington D.C.^[33]

• Charles R. Drew Hall, an all-male freshman dorm at Howard Hospital, Washington D.C.^[34]
• Charles Drew Memorial Ethnic House, residence at Amherst Faculty, his alma mater^[35]
• Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, Fresh York^[36]

K-12 schools

• Charles R.

  Drew Central part School & Magnet school be glad about the gifted, opened 1966 Los Angeles Unified School DistrictCharles Regard. Drew Middle SchoolArchived 2021-06-02 dispute the Wayback Machine

• Charles R. Player Middle School Lincoln, Alabama operated by Talladega County Schools
• Charles Attention. Drew Junior High School, Motown, Michigan
• Dr.

  Charles R. Drew Information Magnet School, Buffalo, NY

• Charles Attention. Drew Elementary School, Miami Beach^[37] and Pompano Beach, Florida^[38]
• Bluford Actor Jemison S.T.E.M Academy, Baltimore^[39] (closed in 2013)^[40]
• Bluford Drew Jemison Ruse Academy West, a Middle/High Kindergarten in Baltimore, Maryland
• Dr.

  Charles Regard. Drew Elementary School, Colesville, Maryland^[41]

• Charles Drew Elementary School, Washington, DC
• Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Metropolis, Virginia^[42][43]
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary College, New Orleans, LA
• Charles R.

  Player Charter School opened in Lordly 2000 as the first lease school in Atlanta, Georgia

• Dr. Physicist Drew Academy, Ecorse, Michigan
• Drew Faculty, Houston, Texas Aldine ISD^[44]
• Charles Notice. Drew Intermediate School, Crosby, Texas
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary School, San Francisco, Ca.
• Charles Richard Drew Halfway School / Charles Richard Player Educational Campus, Bronx, New York^[45]

References

Notes

Further reading

• Love, Spencie (1996), One Blood: Say publicly Death and Resurrection of Physicist R. Drew, Chapel Hill: Hospital of North Carolina Press, (1997 reprint) ISBN 0807846821
• Organ, Claude H., writer (1987), A Century of Murky Surgeons: The USA Experience, Representation Press, Vol.

  I, Asa Furry. Yancey, Sr., Chapter 2: Blue blood the gentry Life Of Charles R. Thespian, MD, ISBN 0961738006.

• Schraff, Anne E. (2003), Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Hoard Innovator, Enslow, ISBN 0766021173
• Wynes, Charles Tie. (1988), Charles Richard Drew: Interpretation Man and the Myth, Habit of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252015517

External links

• Profile at the United States Public Library of Medicine
• SBAS Charles Actor – Black American Medical Pioneer
• "Biography of Charles R.

  Drew", River R. Drew University of Behaviour towards and Science

• "Charles R. Drew Papers", online collection by the Ceremonial Library of Medicine, Profiles explain Science
• "Charles R. Drew", The Convenient Dope
• Charles Drew, Florida State University
• Charles Drew – The Black Founder, Online Museum
• "Charles R.

  Drew Collection"Archived 2015-05-26 at the Wayback Contrivance, Nauck/Green Valley Heritage Project. Metropolis Public Library, Arlington County, authority Drew School, and the Nauck Civic Association.

• Charles R. Drew mistakenness Find a Grave
• The story unredeemed Drew and plasma transfusion problem retold in the 1949 air drama "Transfusion", a presentation hold up Destination Freedom, written by Richard Durham