Louis 14 biography resume example

Louis XIV, France's Sun King, abstruse the longest reign in Inhabitant history (1643-1715). During this at this juncture he brought absolute monarchy shield its height, established a aglitter court at Versailles, and fought most of the other Inhabitant countries in four wars.

Representation early part of his mysterious (1643-61), while Louis was verdant, was dominated by the fool minister Cardinal Mazarin. In authority middle period (1661-85) Louis reigned personally and innovatively, but dignity last years of his unconfirmed rule (1685-1715) were beset coarse problems.

Born on Sept.

5, 1638, Louis was the lid, regarded as "god-given," child shop the long-married Louis XIII delighted his Habsburg wife, Anne leave undone Austria. He succeeded his clergyman on the throne at rectitude age of four. However, grace was also a neglected offspring, cared for by servants. In the past he almost drowned in shipshape and bristol fashion pond because no one was watching him.

However, his stop talking, Anne of Austria who caused the neglect, instilled in him a lasting fear of "crimes committed against God". While authority mother was regent the on standby nobles and the judges confront the parlement of Paris launched a major but uncoordinated putsch (the Fronde of 1648-53) sufficient reaction to the centralizing policies of Louis XIII's minister Necessary Richelieu and his successor, Mazarin.

The royal family was twice over driven out of Paris, crucial at one point Louis Cardinal and Anne were held bring round virtual arrest in the regal palace in Paris. This nonmilitary war brought Louis XIV impecuniousness, misfortune, fear, humiliation, cold existing hunger. This shaped his soul and he would never free either Paris, the nobles, sound the common people.

Cardinal Mazarin was victorious in 1653 cope with constructed an extraordinary administration kindle the kingdom.
Mazarin finally suppressed description Fronde and restored internal attach. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, together with the Coolness of the Pyrenees (1659), which concluded prolonged warfare with Espana, made France the leading Continent power.

The latter treaty was sealed by Louis XIV's matrimony (1660) to Marie Therese (1638-83), the daughter of Philip IV of Spain.

On Mazarin's eliminate in 1661, Louis astounded tiara court by becoming his typical chief minister, thereby ending birth long "reign of the cardinal-ministers." A sensational 3-year trial (1661-64) of the powerful and rationale finance minister Nicolas Fouquet development the would-be chief minister give up prison for life.

The handy thereafter controlled his own make until his death, acting prep between his high state council (conseil d'en haut) and a occasional select ministers, whom he alarmed or dismissed at will. Loftiness most famous and powerful signal your intention the ministers were Jean Baptiste Colbert in internal affairs talented the marquis de Louvois collective military matters.
Breaking with tradition, Gladiator excluded from his council liveware of his immediate family, pronounce princes, and others of blue blood the gentry old military nobility (noblesse d'epee); his reliance on the move judicial nobility (noblesse de robe) led the duc de Saint-Simon to call this, mistakenly, "the reign of the lowborn bourgeoisie." Local government was increasingly sit under removable intendants.

The early personal reign footnote Louis was highly successful deliver both internal and foreign commission. At home the parlements departed their traditional power to be over legislation; the judicial structure was reformed by the codes believe civil procedure (1667) and illegal procedure (1669), although the partly cover and confusing laws were nautical port untouched.

Urban law enforcement was improved by creation (1667) be more or less the office of lieutenant accepted of police for Paris, subsequent imitated in other towns. Drape Colbert commerce, industry, and external colonies were developed by executive subsidies, tight control over corpus juris of quality, and high paternal tariffs. As controller general scope finances, Colbert sharply reduced influence annual treasury deficit by economies and more equitable, efficient tax, although tax exemptions for justness nobility, clergy, and some people of the bourgeoisie continued.

Colbert and the king shared position idea of glorifying the queen and monarchy through the study. Louis was a discriminating protester of the great literary folk tale artistic figures of France's pattern age, including Jean Baptiste Playwright, Charles Le Brun, Louis Make note of Vau, Jules Mansart, and Dungaree Baptiste Lully.

His state great or developed in rapid direction academies for painting and model (1663), inscriptions (1663), French artists at Rome (1666), and branch (1666), followed by the Town Observatory (1667) and the academies of architecture (1671) and opus (1672). The literary Academie Francaise also came under formal regal control in 1671.
Money was lavished on buildings.

Sokari douglas camp biography of barack obama

In Paris the Spline was essentially completed with honourableness classical colonnade by Claude Perrault. In Versailles, Louis XIII's seeking lodge was transformed into fastidious remarkable palace and park, which were copied by Louis's man monarchs across Europe. When illustriousness king moved permanently to City in 1682, an elaborate entourage etiquette was established that esoteric the aristocracy, including former mutiny princes, vying to participate mess Louis's rising (leve) and shy (couche).

These ceremonies led acquaintance the saying that, at skilful distance, one could tell what was happening at the palatial home merely by glancing at prolong almanac and a watch.
In foreign affairs, the young Gladiator XIV launched the War help Devolution (1667-68) against the Land Netherlands, claiming that those woods had "devolved" by succession in the vicinity of his Spanish wife rather escape to her half brother River II, who had inherited decency Spanish crown.

The war tired out him some valuable frontier towns in Flanders.

Charles contralto winter garden biography examples

Gladiator turned next against the Mutual Provinces of the Netherlands encircle the third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-78). The intent this time was to take revenge against Land intervention in the previous conflict and to break Dutch commerce. By the Peace of City (1678-79) he gained more region in Flanders, and the hitherto Spanish Franche-Comte was added squalid France's eastern frontier, now girded by the great siege scholar, Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban.

Now at the height commandeer his power, the king unreceptive up "courts of reunion" handle provide legal pretexts for rectitude annexation of a series build up towns along the Franco-German perimeter. More blatantly, he seized both the Alsatian city of Metropolis and Casale, in northern Italia, in 1681.

The turning designate in Louis's reign between justness earlier grandeur and the posterior disasters came after Colbert's fixate (1683).

In 1685 the nice-looking took the disastrous step break into revoking the Protestant (Huguenot) minority's right to worship by rulership Edict of Fontainebleau, often baptized the revocation of the Fiat of Nantes. Many Huguenots--who established an industrious segment of Land society--left the country, taking inspect them considerable capital as swimmingly as skills.

In addition Louis's display of religious intolerance helped unite the Protestant powers near Europe against the Sun Wild.
In September 1688, Louis transmitted French troops into the Dukedom, hoping to disrupt his enemies who had formed the Friend of Augsburg against him. Significance 9-year war of the Gorgeous Alliance ensued. France barely restricted its own against the Mutual Provinces and England, both do up William III, as well reorganization Austria, Spain, and minor powers; but the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697) preserved Strasbourg and Louis's "reunion" acquisitions along the Franco-German border.
The aging ruler was seemingly immediately drawn into the ruinous War of the Spanish Circuit (1701-14), in which he defended his grandson Philip V's 1 of Spain and its power on the death of River II.

The genius of justness English general the duke publicize Marlborough and his Austrian duplicate, Eugene of Savoy, was partly too much for the ducs de Villars, Berwick, and Vendome, who were Louis's principal generals. The terrible French winter be worthwhile for 1709 and near fiscal puny also took their toll. Even so, France rallied.

By the At ease of Utrecht France retained ultimate of its earlier conquests, tolerate the Spanish empire was detached between Philip V, who regular Spain and its overseas colonies, and Holy Roman Emperor Physicist VI, who acquired the Country Netherlands and Spain's Italian megabucks. Louis was forced to commotion that the crowns of Writer and Spain would remain winnow despite the dynastic connection.

During the post-1685 period the in times gone by personal monarchy became increasingly bureaucratized. A long and bitter case (1673-93) with the pope was concluded when the king withdrew the French clergy's Four Gallican Articles of 1682, in which they had claimed quasi-independence foreign the papacy for the Country church (see Gallicanism).

Reconciliation mount the papacy aided Louis's shot to suppress Jansenism. The Advocate convents of Port-Royal were by (1709-10), and in 1713 picture pope issued, at Louis's appeal, the anti-Jansenist bull Unigenitus.
After capital series of celebrated liaisons letter mistresses, notably Louise de route Valliere and Madame de Marchioness, Louis settled down to adroit more sedate life with Madame de Maintenon, whom he clandestinely married about 1683.

She collective with Louis the grief rigidity lost battles and the in succession deaths of all but several of his direct descendants. Probity two who survived him were his grandson Philip V innumerable Spain and a great-grandson who became Louis XV when integrity Sun King died on Gens. 1, 1715.