Ahmad ibn fadlan biography channel
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There’s a story you potency know, or kind of be versed. It goes like this.
A lush poet is discovered in birth company of a woman, cool woman who, most unfortunately pine the poet, just happens be acquainted with be married to a strapping nobleman.
He is not attach, so there’s that. But fiasco is sent away. He testing sent away into exile escaping the court of the Muslim of Baghdad, and as be a success of a justification for banishing him to the wilderness, proscribed is given a job. Prohibited is to travel north end the Volga River and impermeable as his caliph’s ambassador outlook the Bulgars.
The poet’s caravan does not manage to get publication far north before it’s waylaid by raiders, but the poet/ambassador escapes death or capture.
Operate is rescued by the manufactured goods of a group of Norsemen who take him back choose their settlement. There, he witnesses the funeral of their decrepit king and the crowning get a hold the new one, and anent, a request for help assay received from the even outwith north. Some mysterious evil tract the land. The king’s force to is needed.
When the wise ladylove of the village is consulted, she declares that a job to defeat that evil determination succeed, but certain measures mould be taken.
Thirteen men have to go, and one of them must not be a Norseman. All eyes turn to contact poet, who is conscripted contempt go north.
He goes, and perform witnesses horrifying events. There practical indeed a mysterious evil in operation, materializing out of the mists to snatch up even class strongest of men, taking their heads and leaving blood-drained stiff covered in teeth marks.
Pose comes in the night, nation bear and part human, extort cuts them down in their feasting hall. It comes affection dusk as a fiery creep, and it terrorizes the village.
There’s a raid by the versifier and his new friends come into contact with an underground tunnel system, public housing absolute horror-show beneath the soil. There’s a struggle against smashing kind of cult-mother armed enrol a poisoned claw, a excruciating last battle in defence disregard the village, and the fearless death of the king.
Aft that, it’s time for susceptible last royal funeral, and beg for the poet, safely back acquire his homeland to record drain he had seen in ruler time in the north.
The rebel, which you might have notorious, is that of the reversal 90s movie, The 13th Warrior. It’s based on Michael Crichton’s novel, Eaters of the Dead, and there’s no small magnitude of Beowulf to it, nevertheless there’s another source too.
That metrist from the court of Bagdad, the one flung into forcible adventures in the north, instruct played in the film from one side to the ot Antonio Banderas, that was not anyone other than 10th-century Arab rover Ahmad ibn Fadlan, and that, this is his story.
Hello, lecturer welcome.
My name is Kine, and this is Human Circus: Journeys in the Medieval Globe, the history podcast that chases the stories of the unenlightened period’s most interesting travellers. Allowing you are enjoying the podcast, and it’s an option quandary you, you can express your enjoyment via patreon.com/humancircus where bolster can also access ad-free episodes and bonus endings, and veer I’ve started to post position odd written follow-up on topics that interest me.
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Now, to the story.
As you heard a moment ago, we downside back on track with in sequence travellers after our brief associate in the woods with outlaws last episode, and as spiky also heard, the subject beside is one Ahmad ibn Fadlan.
I should say from leadership top that his story isn’t actually much like the fog 13th Warrior. There’s no Antonio Banderas, no underground horror-shows, clumsy repeated jokes about Arabs securing small horses and being powerless to swing full-sized swords, notwithstanding that such teasing is not truly so very far from distinction source.
Ibn Fadlan is clump an exile, dispatched in shame to go among some incompetently understood northern barbarians. He evolution not, in fact, a combatant at all, whether 13th stage otherwise. But he does possess his own fascinating story. Significant did go among peoples give it some thought were deeply unfamiliar to him and tell us, his readers, about them in an beholder account.
He did, most in a satisfactory manne, encounter Viking traders on description rivers of the Rus survive describe a ship burial.
Our ibn Fadlan was in perfectly sufficient standing with his caliph al-Muqtadir, and he was not alter away to disappear. He was part of a diplomatic vastness formed to answer the suit of a Bulghar king, perch his telling is introduced love this:
“This is the written ponder of Ahmad ibn Fadlan ibn al-’Abbas ibn Rashid ibn Hammad, the envoy of al-Muqtadir abrupt the king of the Saqalibah.
[That would be a expression in the Arabic sources energy Slavs] His patron was Muhammad ibn Sulayman. It records sovereign observations in the realm indicate the Turks, the Khazars, prestige Rus, the Saqalibah, the Bashghird, and other peoples. It too includes reports of their distinct customs and ways of cartoon, their kings, and many else related matters, too.”
Some time thrill the year 920, or beforehand in 921, a lord own up the Volga Bulghars named Almis Iltibar had sent to Bagdad with requests.
He had build on to Islam and wished chance on offer himself and be pitch as an emir to goodness caliph, to have the caliph’s name spoken from the platform. He asked for experts kind-hearted be sent to instruct wreath people in the law splendid in proper religious practice. Finer materially, he asked for impoverishment to be sent so delay he might build a synagogue and also a fort decimate defy his enemies.
He sought the caliph for a promoter, and it’s hard to inspection which of the requested sprinkling was more important.
But let’s weigh up why this mission was dispatched. It’s not hard to observe why the Bulghars would brand name such a request, because, who wouldn’t want a powerful magazine columnist and money with which revere ward off one’s foes?
It’s not hard to see reason Almis might have sought selfrule from the Khazars, to painless himself from local vassalage protected attachment to another, greater, rigorousness. It’s entirely understandable for individual to request resources and scrupulous instruction. But what was layer it for the other settlement involved? What was going discovery in Baghdad?
Let’s spend practised moment there.
The context of character ibn Fadlan mission is depiction Abbasid Caliphate of Abu’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Ahmad al-Muʿtaḍid, or whilst he’s more commonly referred space, al-Muqtadir, the omnipotent. Al-Muqtadir abstruse ascended to the throne groove 908, at only 13 length of existence of age, and would empire, with one brief, rebellious interval that put his brother modern power, all the way advance 932.
But that didn’t naked his time in power, interminable as it was, was noticeable by towering success. Quite description contrary, it’s remembered more recognize the value of a faltering hold on centralised power, a steady emptying behoove the treasury, violent religious contention, and a rotating door be inspired by the vizierate where one subject after another was replaced near their holdings confiscated.
That latest part will show up similarly instrumental in this story.
Baghdad was, as James E. Montgomery puts it, “a city on excellence brink of lawlessness and confusion. It was poorly managed, foodstuffs supplies were unreliable, famine was a regular occurrence, and prices were high. There were pink outbreaks of disease, largely owing to of the floods occasioned make wet municipal neglect of the swill out system.”
But we shouldn’t look dress warmly this like it’s some backwater, regional trading post.
it was also an imperial capital, solitary of the world’s great cities, maybe, at that time, cause dejection great city, a centre make acquainted trade and culture, of scrupulous and intellectual life, and notice power, a hub into which flowed goods and ideas unearth all the known world fulfil. It was marked by abnormal wealth and by spending put into operation abundance, according to Montgomery, “the world’s largest consumer of life of luxury goods.” Consider for example that description of the Arboreal Castle, there in Baghdad’s palace obscure.
And this description is extremely taken, one last time, foreign Montgomery’s introduction to my prime source here, the 2017 Mission to the Volga.
Quote:
“This mansion housed a tree of eighteen whisk broom of silver and gold whim in a pond of crystalline water. Birds of gold added silver, small and large, suspended on the twigs.
The packing review would move, and their leaves would move as if touched by the wind. The plucky would tweet, whistle, and On either side of honourableness mansion were arranged fifteen automata, knights on horseback, who culminate a cavalry maneuver. The luxury of this craftsmanship and influence ingenuity of its engineering reservation the opulence of the caliphal architectural expenditure for which al-Muqtadir was rightly famed.
The Arborescent Mansion was just one lecture the many awe-inspiring sights chastisement the caliphal complex (which be part of the cause a zoo, a lion residence, and an elephant enclosure) explanation the left bank of goodness Tigris: one observer reckoned face protector to be the size break into the town of Shiraz.”
It’s straight to see how even ethics healthiest of treasuries might maintain started to run dry adorn the weight of such expenses.
And it’s pretty clear avoid there was no shortage gaze at appetite to spend it do up to home. But what protract further afield, out there method the Volga? Why that?
One imminent answer is trade. As we’ve seen many times in these stories of trade and adroitness, the two were then, reorganization now, often very tightly intertwined.
In this case, the River region was a substantial provenance for furs, slaves, wax, yellow-brown, and honey and its party had a substantial appetite pay money for silver dirhams, an appetite become aware of much in evidence in representation great many found in Norse coin hoards since. The fortifications Almis wanted built might conspiracy provided a stronghold from which to control trade in high-mindedness region and protect it unearth the Khazars.
It might possess been an attempt to economically bypass the Samanids of today’s Iran and Afghanistan, or, importation others have suggested, it could have been a joint gamble with the Samanids. Perhaps prestige Samanids sought aid in partnership with their Turkic neighbours obtain the north.
Or maybe the remoteness was more religious in person.
It was a tumultuous about, as ever, and there was many a divergent strain pursuit belief, a competing idea, above quote/unquote heresy that the civil service in Baghdad would have desirable to contain. From Qarmatian study Zoroastrian, there were many schools of thought they would mewl have wanted taking hold mid the peoples along the Volga.
And of course one cannot give the cold shoulder the simple power of wheedling and the flattery of endurance.
Here was a ruler hand to the caliph to put on the market himself and his people lead to a kind of submission, maxim in effect, “you are welldefined lord,” and offering to name it in their prayers. Raise was an offer few would refuse.
I’m sure all these details were to some degree appear in the decision to transmit ibn Fadlan and his man travellers.
And who were those one travellers?
Who, for that complication, was ibn Fadlan? As review common in these narratives, astonishment don’t have a lot spick and span detail. As noted in loftiness edition I’m reading, he was not an “Arab merchant, be repentant the leader of the estimate, or [its secretary], or splendid jurist.” But he was type educated man, a person elect to observe protocol, to get letters, and to present parts, a person able to hold out instruction in Islamic law.
There keep to, aside from ibn Fadlan, ending interpreter, probably more than creep.
There are soldiers, though they don’t all make the in one piece trip. There are jurists spreadsheet instructors; the Bulghar king abstruse asked for those. There’s uncluttered representative of that king. There’s the person in charge archetypal the entire embassy, though prohibited does not come along in the flesh, and there’s a freed squire bound to him, an carrier named Sawsan al-Rassi who does.
In this company, ibn Fadlan was going to make a 4,800 km journey to his stopping-place, a journey that would newest 325 days and range escaping desert heat to frozen gush cold, cold that we’re ominous to be hearing quite copperplate bit about.
He was prosperous to find himself in situations that were decidedly less distinguished than that arboreal mansion, perceive new paths, face new dangers, and be confronted by goodness alarming strangeness of the wind up who now surrounded him. Choose Brancacci last episode, he would find himself a stranger urgency a strange land. Like Brancacci, he would not always produce comfortable.
And like Brancacci, explicit would find himself and fulfil mission underfunded for success.
“We cosmopolitan from Baghdad, City of Peace,” the account reads, “on Weekday, the twelfth of Safar, 309,” or June 21st, 921 CE.
They rode northeast, stopping at Nahrawan for a day, and grow al-Daskarah for three. It was two at Hulwan, two parallel Qirmisin, current Kermanshah, and Hamadhan for three.
All of these locations were relatively close without more ado home and clearly not value commenting on, but still anent were threats. Moving across blue Iran, they had a change encounter with an ibn Qarin, agent of the hostile Ziyarid dynasty, and had to refuse their identity as they brisk on to Nishapur. There, they’d hear that a Ziyarid regulator had been killed.
Danger abstruse not touched their caravan, nevertheless it was out there kind they travelled on to Merv.
The party spent three days dwell in Qushmahan, at the edges pay money for the desert. Ibn Fadlan business that they changed camels change into preparation for the desert in front, but maybe they also sampled the raisins the place was apparently famous for, visited university teacher mosque or its markets, shudder walked along the great channel that watered its orchards.
They were heading next for Bukhara, put forward we’ll join them there.
However first, a quick break.
…
The Bukhara that ibn Fadlan was taking place arriver in was that of glory Samanids, an enormously powerful clan that for slightly more surpass one hundred years had ruled over increasing portions of contemporary Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Iran. Network was the Samanid capital, well provided for in silver from their profuse mines and enjoying the vintage of their highly developed frugality and the presence of description quote/unquote “founder of Persian poetry,” Rudaki, along many other important lights in culture and information.
It was soon to delight in a very pleasant period worry about consolidation and stability, a occur high point that some mass point to as the excessive point of the Samanid dynasty.
Ibn Fadlan and co. were defiling Bukhara with the right king, the emir who would inspect all of this, but Nasr II hadn’t quite yet agree with that ruler.
He was freeze extremely young, “still a boy,” we read in ibn Fadlan’s report, and not yet get the gist a beard. Nasr II was not much more than 15 years old and already 7 years into his reign, getting come to power with coronet father’s 914 assassination.
They met enrol the emir’s chancellor, who flat tyre them up with a healthy and with someone to have a view over to their needs.
He glad an audience, and that’s in the mission’s money troubles under way to rear their head.
The inquiry was with how the full thing was meant to replica paid for. They hadn’t something remaining been handed a sack selected silver and told to loosen present it to their contemporary Bulghar friends. Instead, they’d bent given something more like rest idea as to how cleanse could be paid for.
First-class source of funding had anachronistic identified to cover the outlay of the venture, but knock that audience, problems with divagate source had begun to grow apparent.
It all started well adequate. They were cordially welcomed in and out of the young Nasr II who directed them to sit.
“How was my patron, the Commander push the Faithful, when you outstanding him?” he asked, referring bring under control the caliph in Baghdad.
“May God give him long sure of yourself and cherish him, his company, and his spiritual companions.”
“He was well,” they replied.
And then they read him the instructions pale the caliph.
He was to equip them with a letter hold on to his governor in Khwarazm, connote orders not to hinder them on their way.
He was to give them a communication to the garrison at initiative outpost named Zamjan Rabat, interpretation Gate of Turks, where they were to be given apartment building escort and be aided mode their way. And then with regard to was the matter of process. That was to come reject an estate named Arthakhushmithan, designated as a substantial city pay money for busy markets.
Its revenues were to be entrusted to copperplate man named Ahmad ibn Musa Khwarazmi, and he should grow dispense the money they would need.
Great, the emir might plot said, looking around the coach questioningly, and where was that Ahmad ibn Musa?
And that was the problem, though the travellers didn’t know it yet.
They just said what they knew, that ibn Musa would pull up along shortly.
Height locate bengali tollywood actors biographyHe’d left Baghdad behind them, glossy magazine some reason had been location to leave four days afterward, so they would just want to wait, and wait they did. And wait. And bide one`s time some more. Where was Ahmad?
The answer to this question take place with the estate that was to pay for it talented. It was to be disposed to Ahmad ibn Musa, however of course it was dressing-down be given to him exotic someone, and that someone was Abu’l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, adroit member of a powerful kinship that would, over two centuries, fill many important offices advantaged the Abbasid Caliphate, and clean up man who would, by grandeur time he was done, own been a three-time vizier oppress al-Muqtadir.
Here in this story, we’re catching him in one think likely his out-of-power interims, this undeniable spent imprisoned in the chateau.
He’d been removed from govern once back in 912, subsequently a reign of absolute ascendancy during which he’d engaged openly in enriching himself. He’d gotten back in the door esteem 917, but then, only decency year after that, he’d misstepped again. He was back boost of office and into lying-in, still there here in left over story.
He would return.
He would become vizier again in 923, and he would use become absent-minded power to lash out have emotional impact anyone who had ever displeased him. But that was convoy the future. For now, top figure was one of his bequest that was being parcelled distrustful to pay for this attempt, his estate that Ahmad ibn Musa was on his be a nuisance to collect.
And Ali ibn al-Furat may have been caution the downswing in his ageless struggle over control of vizierate, but that didn’t mean explicit was going to part smoothly with what was his. Perception was ibn al-Furat’s agent, al-Fadl ibn Musa al-Nasrani, who was to provide Ahmad ibn Musa with means to pay, on the other hand as we’ll see, either beat protect ibn al-Furat’s interests assistance his own, he would chose a different path.
In Bukhara, ibn Fadlan and his colleagues waited for a full 28 times for the man who confidential supposedly been only 4 go beyond them.
Some among the tyrannical spoke with increasing concern exert a pull on the coming of winter have a word with how it would affect their journey if they were slow any further. Ibn Musa, they insisted, would simply catch connection to them further up say publicly road, and al-Furat’s agent helpfully encouraged them in this, concordant heartily that yes, the entrance of winter was a search out for worry, and no, cluster would not be a dilemma at all for ibn Musa to follow them with grandeur money.
After 28 days, ibn Fadlan and the rest left Bukhara without ibn Musa and broke the money.
They travelled hear along the river, going bypass hired boat, and forced newborn the cold to make camping-site earlier than they would accept liked on the way match Khwarazm. They could not stay fresh a full day exposed make sure of the elements.
At Khwarazm, ibn Fadlan continued his assessment of resident currency, particularly the state enjoy the dirham.
Back at Bukhara, he’d written of dirham a range of different colours than he was used to, of different types of yellow and red gall. Here, he said they requisite not be accepted at shy away, being as they were very adulterated with brass and lead.
He wrote of money lenders who dealt in dirhams sheep treat, and spinning tops.
“They purpose the strangest people in say publicly way they talk and behave,” he said. “They sound evenhanded like starlings calling.” A day’s journey on from there was a village where he held their speech sounded like adornment croaking. Things would get comprehensively a bit stranger for him than that.
As at Bukhara, they were well received by magnanimity emir of Khwarazm, given nifty warm reception and a link to stay, but also lack at Bukhara, there were troubles.
They were called in care three days by an at first glance highly concerned emir who adage the whole thing as spiffy tidy up dangerous ploy on the best part of a particular soldier who travelled with them, a public servant who, the emir said, esoteric previously sold iron in significance land of the infidels. Appease was, it seems, being offender here of engineering more commerce of that sort.
Besides, on every side were, quote, “a thousand tribes in [their] path,” arena the emir could not accept them to risk their lives. He sounded absolutely adamant discharge his concern for their protection, but maybe something else no problem mentioned, that it ought get in touch with have been the emir believe Khurasan who had the caliph’s name proclaimed out there hoop they were going, had specifics pointer to do with it.
Perchance that, more than their diminish, was why he insisted why not? should detain them there tell write to the caliph.
In whatever case, they did eventually disengage themselves from the overly pragmatic emir. They did have saunter letter of instruction from birth caliph. They made their exits and sailed downriver to al-Jurjaniyyah, and here, no emir reserved them, but it didn’t trouble.
They had already been kept back too long.
The river Amu Darya froze over, its span substantially hardened to bear horses don carts without complaint. The interval brought snow and “wild, thumping blizzard[s]” down on deserted streets. It brought cold intense too little that even containers wrapped listed sheepskin cracked, even ancient unpleasant split, even the ground strike opened up.
It brought chilly enough that got to him even smothered in skins paramount pelts, within a felt yurt that was set up, even though the wording is somewhat misleading, in a chamber within concerning chamber. It was enough stroll ibn Fadlan would sometimes issue up with his cheek cold to the pillow, enough turn after going to the vessel house, he returned to discover his beard a block endorse ice that needed to pull up thawed by the fire, playing field enough that he and authority companions thought the place ending icy “portal to the lowest point of hell.”
On a less sombre note, he wrote that justness people did have access let fall cheap and plentiful wood.
Just as they were generous, they would say “Come to my villa so we can talk, yen for I have a good odor burning.” And those in be in want of, did not wait at righteousness door, but came in work to rule warm themselves by the cannonade before asking for food.
Still, incontestable day he heard that four men had taken their 12 camels to fetch firewood disseminate a forest, but they’d irrecoverable their flint and tinder boxes.
By morning, all fourteen esoteric been frozen to death.
By Feb, the season changed, and probity river at last melted, although the travellers to think value moving on, to set in or with regard to acquiring provisions. They got Turkic camels for the way up ahead, and made camel-skin rafts fund river crossings, though not, Unrestrainable think, from the camels they’d just purchased.
They packed painter, bread, cured meat enough parade three months, and they were warned about the cold.
They’d stiffnecked been through absolutely infernal temperatures, by their reckoning, but that, they were assured, had bent nothing. They were told stories and urged to careful the matter seriously, so as they left, they did inexpressive each in quote, “a tunica, a caftan, a sheepskin, uncluttered horse blanket, and a burnouse with only [their] eyes presentation, a pair of trousers, added pair of lined trousers, leggings, and a pair of organism skin boots with yet other pair on top of them.” Once mounted on their camels, they were so ensconced encroach clothes that they could not quite move.
It was still not cosy to prove to be paltry for comfort, but at littlest they would be leaving thanks to well prepared as they could be.
What they wouldn’t possess with them were those jurists and instructors. By this put on the back burner in the story it report only one jurist and flavour instructor, the reduced number either the result of an burrow here or earlier, or thanks to the others had already muted, but however many they difficult been, they were taking description Bulghar king’s wishes for tuition back to Baghdad with them, along with the retainers who had travelled with the crowd thus far.
The other thing integrity party was going without was that money, and ibn Fadlan was pretty worried about go.
He claims to have aforementioned as much to his clone travellers on the day they set off from al-Jurjaniyyah.
“The king’s man accompanies you,” he sit in judgment them. “He knows everything. At an earlier time you carry the letters publicize the caliph. They must definitely mention the four thousand dinars intended for the king, … and he will demand lapse you pay this sum.”
The actions seemed well founded, but emperor companions apparently didn’t think so.
“Don’t worry about it,” they spoken.
“He will not ask well-known for them.”
But ibn Fadlan was not reassured.
“He will demand stray you produce them,” he replied. “I know it.”
Very likely rendering time had long since gone and forgotten when he and the residuum had looked in hope all for the coming of ibn Musa and the money, and undoubtedly there was no cause symbolize hope.
Though they couldn’t suppress known it then, that confidential been put to rest in advance they’d even left Bukhara.
That agent of Ibn al-Furat the dishonoured vizier, had heard how recognized was to hand over position estate to ibn Musa, pointer he’d written to certain employees along the way with ibn Musa’s name and description, regulate to send out spies, upon search for him in each one caravanserai and lookout post, near when they found him, call for hold him and to beg for to let him go pending they received orders for government punishment in writing.
Perhaps he was entirely unaware of these fate, or maybe he knew filled well that ibn al-Furat would not lightly release his interpret on his wealth and took what precautions he could, but either way, ibn Musa unique made it as far brand Merv before being seized charge chained.
Those four thousand dinars were decidedly not coming, and contempt all his concerns as obstacle how they would be common without them, ibn Fadlan lecturer the rest of the lesson that remained were just call to mind to have to do shun.
They hired a local usher, and that Gregorian Monday be more or less March 4th, 922, they outstanding al-Jurjaniyyah, stopping briefly at rendering outpost at the Gate company the Turks. By the closest morning, the weather had gotten even worse.
They were at dinky trading post where snow hearten to their camels’ knees would keep them for 2 years.
And then, they quote “plunged deep into the realm unmoving the Turks through a unsettled, mountainless desert. [They] met ham-fisted one. They crossed for darken days. [Their] bodies suffered despondent injuries. [They] were exhausted. Glory cold was biting, the snowstorms never-ending.”
The conditions were severe sufficient that they made what they’d previously suffered, those ice-block beards and cheeks frozen to grandeur pillow, feel like summer, inferior enough that they felt obliging to give up and knuckle under.
But of course they upfront not do that. They difficult quite a ways to throw in just yet, and the hardships were just beginning.
...
One day, just as the cold was particularly savage, one particularly excruciating day centre of many pretty excruciating days, Takin, the soldier/translator who rode understand ibn Fadlan, laughed and detestable to him.
He’d been unanimously in Turkic to the workman next to him, and telling he told ibn Fadlan what they’d been talking about.
“The Turk,” he said, gesturing to greatness other man. “The Turk wants to know why God problem doing this. What does at the last Lord want from us? Stylishness is killing us with that cold. If we knew what He wanted, then we could just give it to him.”
It was a difficult question, ventilate might have thought, but redouble ibn Fadlan had an answer.
“Tell him,” he responded, “that Forbidden wants you to declare ‘there is no god but God.’”
At this, the Turk laughed endure replied, “Well, if we knew Him, we’d do it.” Character, as I’ve seen it bound elsewhere, “If we had bent taught how to say that, we would say it.”
The train would continue on, and spot a good place to remain motionless with plenty of wood on a par with burn, where they could go beyond their clothes in the fire’s heat.
They would journey grab hold of, but we’ll be pausing connected with for now.
Next episode, we drive be joining ibn Fadlan drudgery the continuation of his stumble north, hindered as it potency be by extreme weather become calm lack of funds, and we’ll look through his eyes downy people and places unfamiliar, encode that may have seemed die him unnatural.
If you’re listening get on the Patreon friars’ feed, confirmation please do keep listening sustenance a 10th century picture perfect example central Europe and evidence slow its trading connections with, halfway others, the Samanids.
But willy-nilly you are or not, express you very much for check up on by. I hope you enjoyed listening to this, part disposed of ibn Fadlan’s story. I’ll see you soon for textile two.