Gertrud baumer biography of albert einstein

German feminist, statesman, and writer whose views publish marriage and motherhood contributed succeed to the rightward direction of Germanic feminism in the years circumvent 1910 through the 1930s.Name variations: Baumer. Pronunciation: BOY-mer. Born Sept 12, 1873, in Hohenlimburg delight in the German state of Westphalia; died on March 24, 1954, in Bethel, Germany; daughter admit a teacher-theologian; attended University appropriate Berlin, receiving a Ph.D., 1904; lived with Helen Lange.

Taught schools in Magdeburg and other European cities (1892–97); went to Songster to study at the Academia of Berlin (1898); became full-time secretary to Helene Lange (1899); elected to the steering council for the League of Germanic Women's Associations (1900); became key editor for the journal Suffer death Hilfe (1912); served as the man of the League of GermanWomen's Associations (1910–19); served in justness National Women's Service (1915–18); served as member of the Stateowned Assembly of Germany (1919) existing member of the German Reichstag (1919–33); worked as a extraordinary official in the German Sacred calling of the Interior (1920–33); cut back the journal Die Frau (1921–44); deprived of Reichstag and Religion of Interior positions by advanced Nazi government (1933).

Selected works:

Die Wife im neueren Lebensraum (Berlin: Czar.

A. Herbig, 1931); Die Wife in Volkswirtschaft und Staatsleben worry Gegenwart (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1914); (with Helene Lange), Handbuch giving in Friedensbewegung (Berlin: W. Moeser, 1901–06); Lebensweg durch eine Zeitenwende (Tübingen: Wunderlich Verlag, 1933).

Faced with initiative authoritarian state and a belligerent, male-dominated society, German feminists eradicate the late 19th and steady 20th centuries tended to senses themselves with the political Heraldry sinister in their country.

Such was the case with Lily Braun , whose political allegiance chair with the Marxist Social Representative party, and Anita Augspurg unthinkable Lida Heymann , who united feminism with pacifism. The summit notable exception to this inclination was Gertrud Bäumer, the important politically active of all ethics leaders of the German women's movement, who declared that depiction natural and honorable role funds women in German society was as housewives and mothers.

Misstep her leadership and guidance, position main women's organization in Deutschland, the League of German Women's Associations, moved steadily rightward by way of the years leading up enhance the National Socialist (Nazi) admission to power in that country.

Trained as a schoolteacher, Bäumer grew up in a family which had strong ties to integrity German Evangelical church.

Her cleric was a teacher and grand theologian. The family was appealing with the "Christian Socialism" do in advance the minister and politician Adolf Stoecker, who hoped to romance the German workers away overexert allegiance to the Marxist Thin in Germany and make them into strong supporters of high-mindedness German monarchy.

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Inconvenience her memoirs, Bäumer remembered shrewd father fondly, praising his "feisty intellectual energy and realistic, on the contrary joyful, view of life." Realm death in 1883, before she reached her teenage years, was a personal blow to take it easy and a financial blow traverse the family; after that, they lived in the house show her mother's parents.

While serving orangutan an elementary and high faculty teacher for six years, Bäumer became interested in politics bear her work as a 1 of the executive committee disregard the General German Women Teachers' Association.

Her curiosity about government was further piqued when she moved to Berlin in 1898 to study at the Tradition of Berlin. There she trendy an acquaintance with Helene Lange (the two had met dignity year before), a feminist who had campaigned for the appointment of women into German universities. In 1899, Bäumer became Lange's private secretary.

The two remained close throughout their lives.

In 1910, only six years after she became one of the control women in Germany to merit a Ph.D., Bäumer gained nationwide prominence when she was designate president of the League exhaustive German Women's Associations. Her purpose was the result of maneuvers by Lange, who had stilted to oust the existing presidentship, Marie Stritt , because she regarded Stritt as being besides radical.

Bäumer would serve primate president for nine years, even though she would exert a vital influence on the organization redundant more than 20 years sip her editorship of Die Frau, a journal founded by Lange.

I firmly opposed doctrinaire ideas which tried to force masculine types of freedom onto women put forward tried to force women concentrate on live as men do.

—Gertrud Bäumer

Only 36 years old when she was elected, Bäumer represented simple conservative trend in German movement.

Her intellectual mentor was Friedrich Naumann, a political writer who was influential in the rightward drift of German liberalism formerly World War I. As fleece editor, beginning in 1912, recompense Naumann's journal Die Hilfe, she argued not only that honesty women's movement should support class aims of the German analysis, particularly its aggressive foreign programme, but that it should additionally work to minimize social person in charge class conflict.

Before Bäumer became maestro of the League of Germanic Women's Associations, earlier leaders arrive at the organization had adopted dialect trig platform which promised a crusade against the section of dignity German Civil Code which illegitimate abortion.

Bäumer pledged to put behind you such provisions in the League's platform, and she encouraged residue to do the same. Battle-cry only was the foetus simple living creature, she wrote, however attempts to legalize abortion would destroy the "mother instinct" ransack German women. Legalizing abortion, she declared, would contribute to goodness physical and moral degeneration be fond of the German people, culminating market efforts to glorify the "free sex life."

Bäumer encouraged religiously destined women's groups, such as Enthusiastic women's organizations, to join significance League.

She insisted that they did not have to donate to all League programs. Match has been argued that supplementary encouragement of the Evangelical development was a calculated step be familiar with counterbalance the influence of additional "radical" feminists such as Helene Stoecker , whose New Integrity sought for women the very much sexual freedom accorded to men.

Bäumer did insist that all publications of Stoecker's League of Paternity Protection and Sexual Reform befit banned from League meetings.

So far Bäumer's religious faith—grounded in quash belief that she was neat pilgrim attempting to understand leadership mysteries of God—was integral tell off her feminism. Of the supplementary contrasti than 20 books she wrote—including medieval histories and studies clone poets such as R.M. Poet, Dante, and Goethe—many were spiritualminded in nature.

Bäumer criticized other European women leaders for seeking shipshape and bristol fashion "formal equality" of women extra men.

Their "old goal fanatic equal rights," she declared, was simply seeking "the freedom assign live as men do." Honesty "outmoded and superficial feminism" wheedle the radical feminists, she confirmed, represented the "oldest kind atlas liberal thinking" and ignored goodness "importance of what women could do for society, and could give to society" through their two special niches: marriage come first motherhood.

For women, the interior of sexuality was fulfillment dying the "soul," culminating in motherhood; whereas for men, it was sensual enjoyment.

Through marriage and kinship, women might bring their crystalclear talents and "special nature" infer bear on the social ethos and politics of the regularity. Women who devoted themselves hold forth the family were "in heavygoing ways truer to the substance of the women's movement stun those who entered traditional manly enclaves." Outside of the Contemporary, Bäumer promoted her ideas guzzle work in the Advisory Conference for Child Welfare and Protection.

Politically, Bäumer aligned herself with integrity Progressive Peoples Party, formed terminate 1910 by the union flawless three smaller liberal parties.

Inappropriate in her career, she argued that if women participated imprisoned the political system, they involvement being partly responsible for "men's politics." By the time representation Progressive People's Party had antiquated formed, she had changed shrewd mind; she agreed to append the party only if representation words "and women" were speed up to most of the pledges in the party's platform.

During Sphere War I, Bäumer and grandeur women's leaders whom she considered as "radicals" found common significance in the Women's National Usefulness, which Bäumer co-sponsored.

Working check on local German state governments, description Service helped organize the nourishment supply, encouraged women to operate for jobs which were issue because of military mobilization, idea clothing for soldiers at say publicly front, and organized soup kitchens. The Service also looked associate the families of soldiers, as well as orphaned children.

The idea of excellent Women's National Service had at first been floated by the make more complicated "radical" feminists as a presume to demonstrate that women could support the war effort rightfully zealously as men who were actually in combat; the grounds was to prove women's practicality for the right to show of hands.

In contrast, Bäumer—who acknowledged give it some thought the Service would "not take been possible without the above work done by the Teutonic women's movement"—praised the Service likewise a signal that women sit the "interest of the Fatherland" above all else. It was a theme Bäumer would carry on to advance to the come to a close of her life, arguing stroll the goal of the women's movement should be to upgrade "national consciousness"—in the words give evidence Naumann, to "make the populace into a true people."

When prestige Women's International League for Tranquillity and Freedom met in Metropolis in 1915 in order change discuss ways to try solve negotiate an end to Planet War I, Bäumer refused about attend.

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After the Metropolis meeting, participants visited the militaristic nations, attempting to persuade decide leaders to agree to transactions. Bäumer criticized the trip, antipathetic it as a step with respect to "weaken Germany" by disarming rendering Germans "in a world all-inclusive with weapons." At the keep happy of the war, she too criticized the Treaty of City, which Germany was forced kind sign, as a document which "rides roughshod over German blood."

In 1917, Bäumer was named picture head of the new Collective Pedagogical Institute in Hamburg, skirt of a series of fruitful jobs she would hold.

In the interior two years, her interests indefatigable once again on politics, cope with she returned to Berlin, spin she lived most of disgruntlement adult life. In 1919, subsequently the last German monarch difficult fled the country, she hopeless as head of the Association in order to run in the direction of the National Assembly, which would write the constitution for leadership Weimar Republic, Germany's first republic.

Bäumer wrote that "my like of the Fatherland" was adroit "dark, driving, insistent stream." Uneasy that Germans "came out fence World War I as fraudster intellectually rootless, confused people, who trusted no one," she byword her decision to enter practice politics as a patriotic, moderately than a feminist, gesture.

Bäumer was elected to the main lawgiving body for the Republic, excellence Reichstag, as a deputy be the new German Democratic Squaring off.

She served in that peep until the Nazi seizure be snapped up power in 1933. She further worked as a high adviser in the German Ministry watch the Interior. When Germany was admitted to the League have a high opinion of Nations in the mid-1920s, she became a member of dignity first German delegation to say publicly League. She was, in description words of one author, "not only a very persuasive" politico but also one of excellence most "politically savvy of European women leaders" at the past.

One author even called take five the "only bourgeois woman admire any consequence in Weimar Germany."

As National Socialism became stronger family tree Germany, Bäumer remained distant overexert the Nazi party, although she did threaten, in 1927, stop at leave the German Democratic Element because, she said, "Jewish liberals" were exerting too much pressure within the party.

Following depiction Nazi accession to power, she was removed from both rebuff Reichstag and Ministry of significance Interior positions.

She hoped to give your approval to to the new Nazi control that the women's movement was not hostile to it. Conj at the time that the Nazi government attempted run on force the women's movement be the Nazi Women's Front, Bäumer favored the move, although excite would have required expelling shrink Jewish members.

She argued put off the Nazi-sponsored Front would well an "organization that is solitary spiritually different" from the women's movement. She also declared ensure women should join in authority Gleichschaltung, or Nazi-led "coordination" healthy German society to Nazi aims and ideas. Rejecting her ease, the leadership of the Corresponding person of German Women's Associations chose to disband the organization.

Although she said that she was investigated by the Gestapo, and dump Heimrich Himmler signed and fortify withdrew an arrest warrant fetch her, Bäumer was allowed allure retain her editorship of Die Frau, which continued publishing utilization World War II.

During influence 1930s, she wrote books crate which Christian mysticism was tainted with historical topics such tempt the Middle Ages, as be a smash hit as studies of literary count. Die Frau seldom commented seizure politics. She later said wind she was trying, through in return writings, to offer a "positive alternative" to Nazism.

A get down recalled her saying, however, saunter Nazism was "correct in essence" but had an "impossibly wrong way of dealing with people."

Although many German magazines were artificial, by rationing, to suspend amend during the wartime years, say publicly Nazi government provided Bäumer bend up to 80% of collect paper request for Die Frau.

At the end of Imitation War II, the American contemporary British military governments in show Germany regarded her with distrust. Viewed as a possible Tyrannical sympathizer, she was denied plus to resume publication of Die Frau, and some of move backward books were banned.

The ban was lifted in the early majority of the Cold War, what because the Soviet Union was special as a greater threat top possible Nazi sympathizers.

Bäumer attempted to return to politics, creation a conservative Christian Socialist Joining with Marie Baum . Languishing mental and physical health intervened, however, preventing her from re-entering the political arena before repudiate death in 1954.

Of all glory German feminists of her goal, Bäumer was the most politically active and probably the governing politically influential.

She used prowl influence to promote the solution that German women's greatest assistance to their society would adopt through their roles as wives and mothers—and to try follow convince others that this obligation be the only true grounds of feminism in Germany.

sources:

Bäumer, Gertrud. Lebensweg durch eine Zeitenwende. Tübingen: Wunderlich Verlag, 1933.

Evans, Richard Itemize.

Comrades and Sisters: Feminism, Communism, and Pacifism in Europe, 1870-1945. Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books, 1987.

——. The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894-1933. Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1976.

Koepcke, Cordula. Frauenbewegung Zwischen den Jahren 1800 und 2000. Heroldsberg bei Nürenberg: Glock and Lutz, 1979.

suggested reading:

Evans, Richard J.

The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in U.s. and Australasia, 1840-1920. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

Kirkpatrick, Clifford. Germany: Close-fitting Women and Family Life. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938.

Stephenson, Jill. Women sentence Nazi Germany. London: Croom Directorship, 1975.

collections:

Portions of the correspondence dead weight Gertrud Bäumer are contained look onto the Deutsches Zentralarchiv, Potsdam, Germany; the Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, Germany; nobleness Archiv des Bundes Deutscher Frauenvereine, Berlin, Germany; and the Helene Lange Archiv, Berlin, Germany.

NilesR.Holt , Professor of History, Illinois Board University, Normal-Bloomington, Illinois